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GNDU QUESTION PAPERS 2025
BBA 4
th
SEMESTER
Paper-ENC-251: ENGLISH (Compulsory)
Time Allowed: 3 Hours Maximum Marks:100
Note: Aempt Five quesons in all, selecng at least One queson from each secon. The
Fih queson may be aempted from any secon. All quesons carry equal marks.
SECTION-A
1. Complete the sentences using 'could', 'couldn't or 'managed to'.
(i) Laura had hurt her leg and ________________ walk very well.
(ii) A girl fell into the river, but fortunately we __________ pull her out.
Put in 'must' or 'can't.
(iii) Congratulaon on passing your exams. You __________ be very pleased.
(iv) The restaurant ___________________. be very good: It's always full of peoples
Complete the sentences using verbs in the correct form:
(v) Many accidents _______________(cause) by dangerous driving.
(vi) A cinema is a place where lms __________ (show).
Make one sentence from the two. Use 'who' / 'that' / 'which'.
(vii) A waitress served us. She was impolite and impaent.
(viii) A building was destroyed in the re. It has now been rebuilt.
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Complete the sentences with 'although'/ 'in spite of' / 'because' /'because of'.
(ix) I want to work the next day _______________ I was sll feeling unwell.
(X) She accepted the job low of the salary, which was rather
2. Complete the sentences using 'have to has to / had to
(i) The bus was late again. How long………………….. ? (You/wait)
(n) There was nobody to help me. I…………….... everything by myself. (I/do)
Put in 'had beer where suitable. If had beer' is not suitable, use 'should":
(iii) I have an appointment in ten minutes. I __________________ I'll be late. go now or
(iv) It's a great lm. You .... go and see it. You _______________'ll really like it.
Complete the sentences using 'who'/'whom'/'whose"/"where":
(v) An orphan is a child _____________ parents are dead.
(vi) The woman with ________________ he fell in love, le him aer a month.
Put in 'in case' or 'if":
(vii) I will draw a map for you ______________ you have problems nding our house.
(viii) You should tell the police ___________ you have any informaon about the crime.
Put in 'for' or 'during'
(ix) It rained.............three days without stopping.
(x) I feel asleep……………………… the movie.
SECTION-B
3. What picture does W.B. Yeats paint of the swans in the poem "The Wild Swans at
Coole"?
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4. Comment on the tle of the poem "The Emperor of Ice-Cream".
SECTION-C
5. Write the words that are similar in meaning to the following:
(i) To raise someone to a higher or more important posion (v)
(ii) Always happening in the same way (adv).
(iii) The state of being alone or not connected to anything else (n).
(iv) People who are applying for the jobs (n pl).
(v) To improve or increase something (v).
(vi) Perfect, best nossible (adj).
(vii) To pay no aenon to something (V).
(ix) The beginning of something (n).
(x) Cultural history (n).
6. Complete the sentences with these words:
(ignore, promote, exibility, convenons, consistently, exhibited, isolaon, empirical,
implicaons, documented)
(i) The doctors kept the paent in ________________ so no one would be exposed to
infecon.
(ii) It is important not to ______________ the early signs of heart disease.
(iii) _____________ studies support the idea of a sensive period of language acquision.
(iv) When community acvists______________ the use of endangered languages, they can
somemes revitalize it.
(v) The _______________of the study are clear, an early start in the second language is the
best.
(vi) One of requirements of the posion is _______________because the business is always
changing.
(vii) Doctors _____________________all of the paent's symptoms and responses to
medicaon for the report.
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(viii) When you are living in a new country or community, it is important to learn about its
cultural ____________________
(ix) Studies have _________________ demonstrated that language use and cultural identy
are closely connected.
(x) The paent ________________strange symptoms that the doctors could not explain.
SECTION-D
7. Give a brief descripon of the two theories of language acquision.
8. How has the Aral region achieved economic development ? What changes have
occurred in the Aral sea since 1990?
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GNDU Answer PAPERS 2025
BBA 4
th
SEMESTER
Paper-ENC-251: ENGLISH (Compulsory)
Time Allowed: 3 Hours Maximum Marks:100
Note: Aempt Five quesons in all, selecng at least One queson from each secon. The
Fih queson may be aempted from any secon. All quesons carry equal marks.
SECTION-A
1. Complete the sentences using 'could', 'couldn't or 'managed to'.
(i) Laura had hurt her leg and ________________ walk very well.
(ii) A girl fell into the river, but fortunately we __________ pull her out.
Ans: (i) Laura had hurt her leg and couldn’t walk very well.
(ii) A girl fell into the river, but fortunately we managed to pull her out.
Put in 'must' or 'can't.
(iii) Congratulaon on passing your exams. You __________ be very pleased.
(iv) The restaurant ___________________. be very good: It's always full of peoples
Ans: (iii) Congratulaons on passing your exams. You must be very pleased.
(iv) The restaurant must be very good: it's always full of people.
Complete the sentences using verbs in the correct form:
(v) Many accidents _______________(cause) by dangerous driving.
(vi) A cinema is a place where lms __________ (show).
Ans: (v) Many accidents are caused by dangerous driving.
(vi) A cinema is a place where lms are shown.
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Make one sentence from the two. Use 'who' / 'that' / 'which'.
(vii) A waitress served us. She was impolite and impaent.
(viii) A building was destroyed in the re. It has now been rebuilt.
Ans: (vii) A waitress who served us was impolite and impaent.
(viii) A building that was destroyed in the re has now been rebuilt.
Complete the sentences with 'although'/ 'in spite of' / 'because' /'because of'.
(ix) I want to work the next day _______________ I was sll feeling unwell.
(X) She accepted the job low of the salary, which was rather
Ans: (ix) I went to work the next day although I was sll feeling unwell.
(x) She accepted the job in spite of the low salary.
2. Complete the sentences using 'have to has to / had to
(i) The bus was late again. How long………………….. ? (You/wait)
(n) There was nobody to help me. I…………….... everything by myself. (I/do)
Ans: (i) The bus was late again. How long did you have to wait?
(ii) There was nobody to help me. I had to do everything by myself.
Put in 'had beer where suitable. If had beer' is not suitable, use 'should":
(iii) I have an appointment in ten minutes. I __________________ I'll be late. go now or
(iv) It's a great lm. You .... go and see it. You _______________'ll really like it.
Ans: (iii) I have an appointment in ten minutes. I had beer go now or I’ll be late.
(iv) It's a great lm. You should go and see it. You’ll really like it.
Complete the sentences using 'who'/'whom'/'whose"/"where":
(v) An orphan is a child _____________ parents are dead.
(vi) The woman with ________________ he fell in love, le him aer a month.
Ans: (v) An orphan is a child whose parents are dead.
(vi) The woman with whom he fell in love le him aer a month.
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Put in 'in case' or 'if":
(vii) I will draw a map for you ______________ you have problems nding our house.
(viii) You should tell the police ___________ you have any informaon about the crime.
Ans: (vii) I will draw a map for you in case you have problems nding our house.
(viii) You should tell the police if you have any informaon about the crime.
Put in 'for' or 'during'
(ix) It rained.............three days without stopping.
(x) I feel asleep……………………… the movie.
Ans: (ix) It rained for three days without stopping.
(x) I fell asleep during the movie.
SECTION-B
3. What picture does W.B. Yeats paint of the swans in the poem "The Wild Swans at
Coole"?
Ans: Yeats begins by situating the swans in a serene autumnal landscape. The “trees are in
their autumn beauty” and the “October twilight” casts a reflective mood over the water.
This backdrop emphasizes the passage of time and mortality, while the swans appear
untouched by such decay. The stillness of the scene highlights the swans’ vitality, making
them seem even more extraordinary against the fading season.
The Swans as Symbols of Permanence
• Yeats notes that “the nineteenth autumn has come upon me / Since I first made my
count”, showing that while he has aged, the swans remain unchanged.
• Their “brimming water among the stones” suggests abundance and continuity,
reinforcing their image as eternal beings.
• Unlike humans, who are subject to time’s erosion, the swans embody immortality
and constancy.
Movement and Energy
The swans are depicted as dynamic and vigorous:
• Yeats recalls how they “all suddenly mount / And scatter wheeling in great broken
rings / Upon their clamorous wings.”
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• This imagery conveys power, freedom, and vitality. The swans are not passive
ornaments of nature but living forces, full of energy and passion.
• Their flight contrasts with Yeats’s own weariness, underscoring the gap between
human decline and natural vitality.
Emotional Impact on the Poet
Yeats describes them as “brilliant creatures”, but admits that “my heart is sore.”
• The swans’ beauty fills him with admiration but also sorrow, because they remind
him of his own aging and lost opportunities.
• Their enduring vitality makes him reflect on his own mortality, failed relationships,
and the inevitability of change.
• Thus, the swans are both a source of wonder and pain, embodying what he longs for
but cannot possess.
The Swans as Symbols of Love and Unity
Yeats observes that the swans “paddle in pairs”, suggesting companionship and enduring
love.
• This pairing contrasts with Yeats’s own solitude and emotional struggles.
• The swans symbolize romantic passion and fidelity, qualities that seem eternal in
nature but fleeting in human life.
• Their unity reinforces the poet’s sense of isolation and loss.
Timelessness and Future Generations
Yeats concludes by imagining that the swans will continue to inspire others long after he is
gone:
• “Delight men’s eyes when I awake some day / To find they have flown away.”
• This line captures both his fear of losing them and his recognition that their beauty
will endure beyond his lifetime.
• The swans thus become a legacy of nature’s permanence, transcending individual
human existence.
Conclusion
In “The Wild Swans at Coole,” Yeats paints the swans as timeless, graceful, and powerful
symbols of permanence, love, and vitality. Their beauty and energy stand in stark contrast
to the poet’s own aging and sorrow, making them both a source of admiration and
melancholy. Through vivid imagery of flight, companionship, and enduring presence, Yeats
elevates the swans into symbols of immortality, reminding readers of the tension between
fleeting human life and the eternal rhythms of nature.
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4. Comment on the tle of the poem "The Emperor of Ice-Cream".
Ans: The title of Wallace Stevens’ poem “The Emperor of Ice-Cream” is striking, unusual,
and deeply symbolic. At first glance, it may sound playful or even trivial, but when we read
the poem carefully, we realize that the title carries a profound philosophical meaning about
life, death, and reality.
To understand the title, we must first look at the central idea of the poem. The poem
presents two contrasting scenes—one of lively preparation involving ice cream, and another
of a dead woman lying in a room. These scenes are not separated but exist together,
suggesting that life and death are closely connected.
Literal Meaning of the Title
On the surface, “The Emperor of Ice-Cream” refers to something simple and ordinary—ice
cream. An “emperor” is usually a powerful ruler, someone who holds ultimate authority. But
here, Stevens uses the word “emperor” in an ironic way. Instead of a grand king ruling over
a vast empire, the “emperor” rules over something as temporary and fleeting as ice cream.
Ice cream melts quickly; it cannot last long. It represents something that is enjoyable but
short-lived. By calling it an “emperor,” the poet is suggesting that temporary pleasures are
the only real rulers in our lives.
Symbolic Meaning
The title becomes much more meaningful when we interpret it symbolically.
Ice cream stands for:
• Physical pleasure
• Sensory enjoyment
• The present moment
The “emperor” symbolizes:
• Ultimate authority
• What truly matters in life
So, when Stevens calls ice cream the “emperor,” he is making a bold statement:
Life is governed not by grand ideals or spiritual beliefs, but by simple, immediate
experiences.
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Connection with Death
The poem describes a dead woman lying in a room, while outside or nearby, people are
preparing ice cream. This creates a contrast between:
• Death (serious, final, quiet)
• Life (active, sensory, enjoyable)
The title suggests that even in the presence of death, life goes on. People still eat, laugh, and
enjoy themselves. Ice cream becomes more important than mourning rituals or emotional
expressions.
This reflects the idea that:
Reality is what we can see and experience right now—not abstract thoughts about
death or the afterlife.
Rejection of Illusions
Another important aspect of the title is its rejection of illusions. Traditionally, people
associate death with dignity, ceremony, and spiritual meaning. However, Stevens challenges
this idea.
By emphasizing “ice cream” instead of something noble or eternal, the poet is saying:
• There is no hidden meaning behind death
• There is no grand illusion to comfort us
• What we see is what truly exists
The “emperor” is not a god or a king—it is something simple and real.
Philosophical Interpretation
The title reflects a philosophical viewpoint often linked to realism or even existentialism. It
suggests that:
• Life is temporary
• Death is inevitable
• Therefore, we should focus on living fully in the present
Instead of searching for deeper meanings or worrying about what happens after death,
Stevens encourages us to accept reality as it is.
In this sense, the title teaches:
Enjoy life while it lasts, because that is the only certainty we have.
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Tone and Irony
There is also a strong sense of irony in the title. The word “emperor” usually suggests
grandeur, power, and permanence. But ice cream is the opposite—it melts quickly and is
ordinary.
This contrast creates a powerful effect:
• It challenges our expectations
• It makes us rethink what is truly important
The title itself becomes a statement that greatness can be found in the simplest things.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the title “The Emperor of Ice-Cream” is rich in meaning and plays a central
role in the poem. It symbolizes the dominance of reality, the importance of the present
moment, and the fleeting nature of life. By elevating something as simple as ice cream to
the level of an “emperor,” Wallace Stevens challenges traditional ideas about life and death.
SECTION-C
5. Write the words that are similar in meaning to the following:
(i) To raise someone to a higher or more important posion (v)
(ii) Always happening in the same way (adv).
(iii) The state of being alone or not connected to anything else (n).
(iv) People who are applying for the jobs (n pl).
(v) To improve or increase something (v).
(vi) Perfect, best nossible (adj).
(vii) To pay no aenon to something (V).
(ix) The beginning of something (n).
(x) Cultural history (n).
Ans: To raise someone to a higher or more important position (v) → Promote, elevate,
advance
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Always happening in the same way (adv) → Consistently, uniformly, regularly
The state of being alone or not connected to anything else (n) → Isolation, solitude,
seclusion
People who are applying for the jobs (n pl) → Applicants, candidates, job seekers
To improve or increase something (v) → Enhance, boost, augment
Perfect, best possible (adj) → Ideal, flawless, optimal
To pay no attention to something (v) → Ignore, disregard, overlook
The beginning of something (n) → Onset, commencement, inception
Cultural history (n) → Heritage, tradition, legacy
6. Complete the sentences with these words:
(ignore, promote, exibility, convenons, consistently, exhibited, isolaon, empirical,
implicaons, documented)
(i) The doctors kept the paent in ________________ so no one would be exposed to
infecon.
(ii) It is important not to ______________ the early signs of heart disease.
(iii) _____________ studies support the idea of a sensive period of language acquision.
(iv) When community acvists______________ the use of endangered languages, they can
somemes revitalize it.
(v) The _______________of the study are clear, an early start in the second language is the
best.
(vi) One of requirements of the posion is _______________because the business is always
changing.
(vii) Doctors _____________________all of the paent's symptoms and responses to
medicaon for the report.
(viii) When you are living in a new country or community, it is important to learn about its
cultural ____________________
(ix) Studies have _________________ demonstrated that language use and cultural identy
are closely connected.
(x) The paent ________________strange symptoms that the doctors could not explain.
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Ans: (i) The doctors kept the patient in isolation so no one would be exposed to infection.
Isolation = keeping someone separate to prevent disease spread
(ii) It is important not to ignore the early signs of heart disease.
Ignore = to not pay attention
(iii) Empirical studies support the idea of a sensitive period of language acquisition.
Empirical = based on observation and evidence
(iv) When community activists promote the use of endangered languages, they can
sometimes revitalize it.
Promote = encourage or support
(v) The implications of the study are clear, an early start in the second language is the best.
Implications = results or effects
(vi) One of the requirements of the position is flexibility because the business is always
changing.
Flexibility = ability to adapt
(vii) Doctors documented all of the patient's symptoms and responses to medication for the
report.
Documented = recorded officially
(viii) When you are living in a new country or community, it is important to learn about its
cultural conventions.
Conventions = customs or traditions
(ix) Studies have consistently demonstrated that language use and cultural identity are
closely connected.
Consistently = regularly or repeatedly
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(x) The patient exhibited strange symptoms that the doctors could not explain.
Exhibited = showed or displayed
SECTION-D
7. Give a brief descripon of the two theories of language acquision.
Ans: 1. Behaviorist Theory (B.F. Skinner)
Core Idea
• Proposed by B.F. Skinner in the mid-20th century.
• Language acquisition is seen as a form of behavioral conditioning.
• Children learn language through stimulus-response mechanisms, imitation, and
reinforcement.
Key Features
• Imitation: Children mimic words and structures they hear from adults.
• Reinforcement: Correct usage is rewarded (praise, attention), while incorrect usage
is ignored or corrected.
• Habit Formation: Repeated exposure and practice lead to mastery of language
patterns.
• Environment-driven: Language learning depends heavily on the linguistic input and
feedback children receive.
Example
A child hears the word “milk.” When they say “milk” correctly, the parent gives them milk or
praises them. This positive reinforcement strengthens the association between the word
and the object.
Criticisms
• Cannot fully explain how children produce novel sentences they have never heard
before.
• Overemphasizes external reinforcement and underestimates internal cognitive
processes.
• Does not account for the speed and universality of language acquisition across
cultures.
2. Nativist Theory (Noam Chomsky)
Core Idea
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• Developed by Noam Chomsky in response to Skinner’s behaviorism.
• Argues that humans are born with an innate language faculty—a mental structure
called the Language Acquisition Device (LAD).
• Language learning is not just imitation but the unfolding of an inborn ability.
Key Features
• Universal Grammar: All human languages share underlying structural principles.
Children are biologically predisposed to recognize and apply these rules.
• Innateness Hypothesis: Children acquire complex grammar rapidly and effortlessly,
which suggests an inbuilt mechanism.
• Creativity in Language: Explains how children generate sentences they have never
heard before.
• Minimal Input Requirement: Even with limited exposure, children can acquire
language, showing that environment alone is insufficient.
Example
A child exposed to fragmented or imperfect speech still develops full grammatical
competence. This suggests that the brain fills in gaps using innate linguistic structures.
Criticisms
• Critics argue it underplays the role of social interaction and environment.
• Some linguists believe language acquisition is a mix of innate ability and external
influences.
• The concept of Universal Grammar has been debated, with newer theories
emphasizing cognitive and social factors.
Comparison Table
Aspect
Behaviorist Theory (Skinner)
Nativist Theory (Chomsky)
Source of learning
Environment, imitation,
reinforcement
Innate biological ability
Mechanism
Conditioning, habit formation
Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
Role of
environment
Central, provides input and
feedback
Supportive, but not primary
Creativity in
language
Limited, based on imitation
High, explains novel sentence
formation
Criticisms
Too simplistic, ignores
cognition
Downplays environment, debated
universality
Conclusion
The Behaviorist Theory highlights the importance of environment, imitation, and
reinforcement, while the Nativist Theory emphasizes innate structures and universal
grammar. Modern linguistics often sees language acquisition as a blend of both
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perspectives—children are biologically predisposed to learn language, but social interaction
and reinforcement shape how this ability unfolds. Together, these theories provide a fuller
understanding of how humans acquire one of their most defining abilities: language.
8. How has the Aral region achieved economic development ? What changes have
occurred in the Aral sea since 1990?
Ans: Economic Development in the Aral Region
1. Irrigation-Based Agriculture
The main driver of economic development in the Aral region was large-scale irrigation
projects. During the Soviet period, especially from the 1950s onwards, the rivers Amu Darya
and Syr Darya were diverted to irrigate vast desert lands.
This led to:
• Expansion of agriculture in dry areas
• Large-scale cotton production (often called “white gold”)
• Growth of rice, wheat, and other crops
As a result, Uzbekistan became one of the world’s largest cotton producers, bringing
significant economic gains.
2. Industrial Growth
Along with agriculture, industries developed in the region:
• Cotton processing factories
• Textile industries
• Fertilizer and chemical industries
These industries provided employment and increased income levels for local populations.
3. Infrastructure Development
To support irrigation and agriculture:
• Canals, dams, and reservoirs were built
• Roads and transport networks improved
• Settlements expanded in previously uninhabited areas
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This transformed the Aral region into an economically active zone.
4. Fisheries (Earlier Phase)
Before major environmental damage, the Aral Sea supported a thriving fishing industry:
• Thousands of people were employed
• Fish exports contributed to the economy
However, this sector later collapsed due to environmental changes.
Changes in the Aral Sea Since 1990
After 1990, the Aral Sea experienced drastic and alarming changes, mainly due to excessive
water diversion for irrigation.
1. Shrinkage of the Aral Sea
One of the most visible changes is the dramatic reduction in the size of the sea:
• The Aral Sea split into smaller parts (North Aral Sea and South Aral Sea)
• Large areas of the seabed turned into desert
This newly formed desert is often called the “Aralkum Desert.”
2. Increase in Salinity
As water levels dropped:
• Salt concentration increased significantly
• Many fish species could not survive
This led to the collapse of the fishing industry, causing unemployment and economic decline
in coastal communities.
3. Environmental Degradation
The exposed seabed created serious environmental problems:
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• Wind carried toxic salts and chemicals into the air
• Soil fertility decreased
• Crops were damaged
This affected both agriculture and human health.
4. Climate Changes
The drying of the sea also altered the local climate:
• Summers became hotter
• Winters became colder
• Rainfall patterns changed
The region became more extreme and less suitable for agriculture.
5. Health Problems
People living in the region faced serious health issues:
• Respiratory diseases due to dust storms
• Water contamination
• Increased cases of cancer and other illnesses
6. Partial Recovery Efforts
Since the 1990s, some steps have been taken to restore parts of the Aral Sea, especially in
Kazakhstan:
• Construction of dams like the Kok-Aral Dam
• Improved water management
These efforts helped the North Aral Sea recover partially:
• Water levels increased
• Fish populations began to return
However, the South Aral Sea in Uzbekistan continues to shrink.
Conclusion
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The Aral region’s economic development was largely based on irrigation agriculture,
industrial growth, and infrastructure expansion. While these activities brought short-term
economic benefits, they ignored environmental sustainability.
Since 1990, the Aral Sea has undergone severe changes, including shrinkage, increased
salinity, environmental degradation, and health crises. This case clearly shows that
unplanned development can lead to long-term ecological disasters.
Today, the Aral Sea stands as a powerful lesson for the world: economic development must
be balanced with environmental protection. Sustainable use of natural resources is essential
to ensure that development does not come at the cost of human health and ecological
stability.
“This paper has been carefully prepared for educaonal purposes. If you noce any
mistakes or have suggesons, feel free to share your feedback.”
